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Theranostics 2024; 14(2):738-760. doi:10.7150/thno.84291 This issue Cite

Review

Nanoparticle technology for mRNA: Delivery strategy, clinical application and developmental landscape

Xiang Li^1#, Jing Qi^1#, Juan Wang^1#, Weiwei Hu², Weichang Zhou³, Yi Wang¹, Tao Li^1✉

1. Formulation and Process Development (FPD), WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China.
2. WuXi Biologics, 291 Fucheng Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China.
3. WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
^# These authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding author: Tao Li; li_tao3601com.

Abstract

The mRNA vaccine, a groundbreaking advancement in the field of immunology, has garnered international recognition by being awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize, which has emerged as a promising prophylactic and therapeutic modality for various diseases, especially in cancer, rare disease, and infectious disease such as COVID-19, wherein successful mRNA treatment can be achieved by improving the stability of mRNA and introducing a safe and effective delivery system. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems, such as lipid nanoparticles, lipoplexes, polyplexes, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles and others, have attracted great interest and have been explored for mRNA delivery. Nanoscale platforms can protect mRNA from extracellular degradation while promoting endosome escape after endocytosis, hence improving the efficacy. This review provides an overview of diverse nanoplatforms utilized for mRNA delivery in preclinical and clinical stages, including formulation, preparation process, transfection efficiency, and administration route. Furthermore, the market situation and prospects of mRNA vaccines are discussed here.

Keywords: mRNA, lipid nanoparticle, lipoplex, vaccine, gene therapy

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