Theranostics 2023; 13(9):2734-2756. doi:10.7150/thno.82005 This issue Cite

Review

Current advances in temozolomide encapsulation for the enhancement of glioblastoma treatment

Nerea Iturrioz-Rodríguez1, Nicolas Sampron1, Ander Matheu1,2,3,✉

1. Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.
2. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento (CIBERfes), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain.

Citation:
Iturrioz-Rodríguez N, Sampron N, Matheu A. Current advances in temozolomide encapsulation for the enhancement of glioblastoma treatment. Theranostics 2023; 13(9):2734-2756. doi:10.7150/thno.82005. https://www.thno.org/v13p2734.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal brain tumor in adults. The incorporation of temozolomide (TMZ) into the standard treatment has increased the overall survival rate of glioblastoma patients. Since then, significant advances have been made in understanding the benefits and limitations of TMZ. Among the latter, the unspecific toxicity of TMZ, poor solubility, and hydrolyzation are intrinsic characteristics, whereas the presence of the blood-brain barrier and some tumor properties, such as molecular and cellular heterogeneity and therapy resistance, have limited the therapeutic effects of TMZ in treating glioblastoma. Several reports have revealed that different strategies for TMZ encapsulation in nanocarriers overcome those limitations and have shown that they increase TMZ stability, half-life, biodistribution, and efficacy, offering the promise for future nanomedicine therapies in handling glioblastoma. In this review, we analyze the different nanomaterials used for the encapsulation of TMZ to improve its stability, blood half-life and efficacy, paying special attention to polymer- and lipid-based nanosystems. To improve TMZ drug resistance, present in up to 50% of patients, we detail TMZ combined therapeutic with i) other chemotherapies, ii) inhibitors, iii) nucleic acids, iv) photosensitizers and other nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and magnetic hyperthermia, v) immunotherapy, and vi) other less explored molecules. Moreover, we describe targeting strategies, such as passive targeting, active targeting to BBB endothelial cells, glioma cells, and glioma cancer stem cells, and local delivery, where TMZ has demonstrated an improved outcome. To finish our study, we include possible future research directions that could help decrease the time needed to move from bench to bedside.

Keywords: glioblastoma, temozolomide, encapsulation, nanosystems, targeted delivery


Citation styles

APA
Iturrioz-Rodríguez, N., Sampron, N., Matheu, A. (2023). Current advances in temozolomide encapsulation for the enhancement of glioblastoma treatment. Theranostics, 13(9), 2734-2756. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.82005.

ACS
Iturrioz-Rodríguez, N.; Sampron, N.; Matheu, A. Current advances in temozolomide encapsulation for the enhancement of glioblastoma treatment. Theranostics 2023, 13 (9), 2734-2756. DOI: 10.7150/thno.82005.

NLM
Iturrioz-Rodríguez N, Sampron N, Matheu A. Current advances in temozolomide encapsulation for the enhancement of glioblastoma treatment. Theranostics 2023; 13(9):2734-2756. doi:10.7150/thno.82005. https://www.thno.org/v13p2734.htm

CSE
Iturrioz-Rodríguez N, Sampron N, Matheu A. 2023. Current advances in temozolomide encapsulation for the enhancement of glioblastoma treatment. Theranostics. 13(9):2734-2756.

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