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Theranostics 2022; 12(16):7108-7131. doi:10.7150/thno.74820 This issue Cite

Review

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy: design and potential applications for cancer treatment and beyond

Danfeng Wei^1,2,3*, Jinxin Qi^1,2*, Michael R Hamblin⁴, Xiang Wen¹, Xian Jiang^1,2✉, Hao Yang^3,5✉

1. Department of Dermatology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
2. Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
3. NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Organ Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Chengdu 610041, China.
4. Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
5. Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Hao Yang, PhD., NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 KeYuan 4th Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. Tel: +86-28-85164031, Fax: +86-28-85164031, Email: yanghaoedu.cn; Xian Jiang, PhD., Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China. Tel: +86-28-85422560, Fax: +86-28-85422560, Email: jiangxianedu.cn More

Abstract

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cancer treatment modality based on a target-specific photosensitizer conjugate (TSPC) composed of an NIR phthalocyanine photosensitizer and an antigen-specific recognition system. NIR-PIT has predominantly been used for targeted therapy of tumors via local irradiation with NIR light, following binding of TSPC to antigen-expressing cells. Physical stress-induced membrane damage is thought to be a major mechanism underlying NIR-PIT-triggered photokilling. Notably, NIR-PIT can rapidly induce immunogenic cell death and activate the adaptive immune response, thereby enabling its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, NIR-PIT-triggered “super-enhanced permeability and retention” effects can enhance drug delivery into tumors. Supported by its potential efficacy and safety, NIR-PIT is a rapidly developing therapeutic option for various cancers. Hence, this review seeks to provide an update on the (i) broad range of target molecules suitable for NIR-PIT, (ii) various types of receptor-selective ligands for designing the TSPC “magic bullet,” (iii) NIR light parameters, and (iv) strategies for enhancing the efficacy of NIR-PIT. Moreover, we review the potential application of NIR-PIT, including the specific design and efficacy in 19 different cancer types, and its clinical studies. Finally, we summarize possible NIR-PIT applications in noncancerous conditions, including infection, pain, itching, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease, and tissue engineering.

Keywords: near-infrared photoimmunotherapy, IRdye 700DX, target-specific photosensitizer conjugate, cancer-treatment, noncancerous diseases

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