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Theranostics 2022; 12(11):4949-4964. doi:10.7150/thno.71221 This issue Cite

Research Paper

A theranostic 3D ultrasound imaging system for high resolution image-guided therapy

Hanna Bendjador¹, Josquin Foiret¹, Robert Wodnicki², Douglas N Stephens³, Zoe Krut⁴, Eun-Yeong Park¹, Zulma Gazit⁴, Dan Gazit⁴, Gadi Pelled⁴, Katherine W Ferrara^1✉

1. Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA.
2. University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA.
3. University of California, Davis CA USA.
4. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Katherine Ferrara. Email: kwferraredu.

Abstract

Microbubble contrast agents are a diagnostic tool with broad clinical impact and an increasing number of indications. Many therapeutic applications have also been identified. Yet, technologies for ultrasound guidance of microbubble-mediated therapy are limited. In particular, arrays that are capable of implementing and imaging microbubble-based therapy in three dimensions in real-time are lacking. We propose a system to perform and monitor microbubble-based therapy, capable of volumetric imaging over a large field-of-view. To propel the promise of the theranostic treatment strategies forward, we have designed and tested a unique array and system for 3D ultrasound guidance of microbubble-based therapeutic protocols based on the frequency, temporal and spatial requirements.

Methods: Four 256-channel plane wave scanners (Verasonics, Inc, WA, USA) were combined to control a 1024-element planar array with 1.3 and 2.5 MHz therapeutic and imaging transmissions, respectively. A transducer aperture of ~40×15 mm was selected and Field II was applied to evaluate the point spread function. In vitro experiments were performed on commercial and custom phantoms to assess the spatial resolution, image contrast and microbubble-enhanced imaging capabilities.

Results: We found that a 2D array configuration with 64 elements separated by λ-pitch in azimuth and 16 elements separated by 1.5λ-pitch in elevation ensured the required flexibility. This design, of 41.6 mm × 16 mm, thus provided both an extended field-of-view, up to 11 cm x 6 cm at 10 cm depth and steering of ±18° in azimuth and ±12° in elevation. At a depth of 16 cm in B-mode, we achieved a volume acquisition rate of 60 Hz and an imaging display rate of 30 Hz. Lateral resolution was 0.8 mm at 5 cm depth and 2.1 mm at 12.5 cm depth.

Conclusion: A single 2D array for both imaging and therapeutics, integrated with a 1024 channel scanner can guide microbubble-based therapy in volumetric regions of interest.

Keywords: Volumetric ultrasound imaging, microbubble imaging, image-guided therapy, CPS imaging, array design

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