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Theranostics 2021; 11(9):4421-4435. doi:10.7150/thno.53901 This issue Cite

Research Paper

The CK1δ/ε-AES axis regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer

Zhongyuan Wang^1*, Liang Zhou^1*, Yejun Wang², Quanzhou Peng³, Huan Li¹, Xin Zhang¹, Zijie Su¹, Jiaxing Song¹, Qi Sun¹, Sapna Sayed¹, Shanshan Liu¹, Desheng Lu^1✉

1. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Cancer Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518055, China
2. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
3. Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
*These authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding author: Dr. Desheng Lu, e-mail: deluedu.cn.

Abstract

Background: Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) has been identified as a tumor and metastasis suppressor in some cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC), but very little is known about the regulation of AES expression.

Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the expression patterns of AES, CK1δ and CK1ε. The co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, Western Blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to study the mechanism underlying the regulation of AES expression by CK1δ/ε. The biological function was assessed by in vitro colony formation, transwell, sphere formation, tumor organoids, in vivo tumor metastasis model and patient-derived colorectal tumor xenografts (PDTX) model.

Results: A strong inverse relationship was observed between the expression of AES and the expression of CK1δ/ε. Mechanically, AES could interact with CK1δ/ε and SKP2 using its Q domain. SKP2 mediated the ubiquitination and degradation of AES in a CK1δ/ε-dependent manner. CK1δ/ε phosphorylated AES at Ser121 and accelerated the SKP2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AES. In colon cancer cells, CK1δ/ε antagonized the effect of wild-type AES but not that of its mutant (S121A) on Wnt and Notch signaling, leading to an increase in the expression of Wnt target genes and Notch target genes. By downregulating the expression of AES, CK1δ/ε enhanced anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion and sphere formation in colon cancer cells. CK1δ/ε also promoted the growth of APC^min/+ colorectal tumor organoids and liver metastasis in colon cancer mouse models through the regulation of AES degradation. Furthermore, CK1 inhibitor SR3029 treatment suppressed tumor growth via stabilizing AES in APC^min/+ colorectal tumor organoids and patient-derived colorectal tumor xenografts (PDTX).

Conclusions: Our results revealed that the CK1δ/ε-AES axis is important for CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis, and targeted inhibition of this axis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC.

Keywords: AES, CK1δ/ε, SKP2, colorectal cancer, Wnt/β-catenin signaling

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