Theranostics 2023; 13(9):3064-3102. doi:10.7150/thno.80579 This issue Cite

Review

Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics

Chao Li1, Jiamin Huang1, Liwen Yuan1, Wenqing Xie1, Yupeng Ying1, Chengzhe Li1, Yahang Yu1, Yuanhu Pan1, Wei Qu1, Haihong Hao1, Samah Attia Algharib1,3, Dongmei Chen1✉, Shuyu Xie1,2✉

1. National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
2. Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
3. Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, QG, Egypt.

Citation:
Li C, Huang J, Yuan L, Xie W, Ying Y, Li C, Yu Y, Pan Y, Qu W, Hao H, Algharib SA, Chen D, Xie S. Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics. Theranostics 2023; 13(9):3064-3102. doi:10.7150/thno.80579. https://www.thno.org/v13p3064.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

As a novel strategy for in vivo visualization tracking and monitoring, carbon dots (CDs) emitting long wavelengths (LW, 600-950 nm) have received tremendous attention due to their deep tissue penetration, low photon scattering, satisfactory contrast resolution and high signal-to-background ratios. Although, the mechanism of CDs emitting LW remains controversial and what properties are best for in vivo visualization have not been specifically elucidated, it is more conducive to the in vivo application of LW-CDs through rational design and ingenious synthesis based on the appreciation of the luminescence mechanism. Therefore, this review analyzes the current tracer technologies applied in vivo and their advantages and disadvantages, with emphasis on the physical mechanism of emitting LW fluorescence for in vivo imaging. Subsequently, the general properties and merits of LW-CDs for tracking and imaging are summarized. More importantly, the factors affecting the synthesis of LW-CDs and its luminescence mechanism are highlighted. Simultaneously, the application of LW-CDs for disease diagnosis, integration of diagnosis and therapy are summarized. Finally, the bottlenecks and possible future directions of LW-CDs in visualization tracking and imaging in vivo are detailly discussed.

Keywords: Carbon dots (CDs), Long wavelength, Visualization tracking, Imaging, Target delivery


Citation styles

APA
Li, C., Huang, J., Yuan, L., Xie, W., Ying, Y., Li, C., Yu, Y., Pan, Y., Qu, W., Hao, H., Algharib, S.A., Chen, D., Xie, S. (2023). Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics. Theranostics, 13(9), 3064-3102. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.80579.

ACS
Li, C.; Huang, J.; Yuan, L.; Xie, W.; Ying, Y.; Li, C.; Yu, Y.; Pan, Y.; Qu, W.; Hao, H.; Algharib, S.A.; Chen, D.; Xie, S. Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics. Theranostics 2023, 13 (9), 3064-3102. DOI: 10.7150/thno.80579.

NLM
Li C, Huang J, Yuan L, Xie W, Ying Y, Li C, Yu Y, Pan Y, Qu W, Hao H, Algharib SA, Chen D, Xie S. Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics. Theranostics 2023; 13(9):3064-3102. doi:10.7150/thno.80579. https://www.thno.org/v13p3064.htm

CSE
Li C, Huang J, Yuan L, Xie W, Ying Y, Li C, Yu Y, Pan Y, Qu W, Hao H, Algharib SA, Chen D, Xie S. 2023. Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics. Theranostics. 13(9):3064-3102.

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