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Theranostics 2023; 13(2):673-684. doi:10.7150/thno.77417 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Enzymatically-mineralized double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and stiffness

Li Wang2, Wei Zhao1, Yining Zhao2, Wei Li1✉, Guodong Wang1✉, Qiang Zhang1,2✉

1. Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China.
2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P.R. China.

✉ Corresponding authors: Q. Z. (E-mail: qzhangecnu.edu.cn); G. W. (E-mail: wangguodongedu.cn); W. L. (E-mail: li_wei_sh com).

Citation:
Wang L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Li W, Wang G, Zhang Q. Enzymatically-mineralized double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and stiffness. Theranostics 2023; 13(2):673-684. doi:10.7150/thno.77417. https://www.thno.org/v13p0673.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Background: Synthetic hydrogels are commonly mechanically weak which limits the scope of their applications.

Methods: In this study, we synthesized an organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogel with ultrahigh strength, stiffness, and toughness via enzyme-induced mineralization of calcium phosphate in a double network of bacterial cellulose nanofibers and alginate-Ca2+.

Results: Cellulose nanofibers formed the first rigid network via hydrogen binding and templated the deposition of calcium phosphate, while alginate-Ca2+ formed the second energy-dissipating network via ionic interaction. The two networks created a brick-mortar-like structure, in which the “tortuous fracture path” mechanism by breaking the interlaced calcium phosphate-coated bacterial cellulose nanofibers and the hysteresis by unzipping the ionic alginate-Ca2+ network made a great contribution to the mechanical properties of the hydrogels.

Conclusion: The optimized hydrogel exhibited ultrahigh fracture stress of 48 MPa, Young's modulus of 1329 MPa, and fracture energy of 3013 J/m2, which are barely possessed by the reported synthetic hydrogels. Finally, the hydrogel represented potential use in subchondral bone defect repair in an ex vivo model.

Keywords: hybrid hydrogel, double network, enzymatic mineralization, ultrahigh mechanical properties, subchondral bone defect repair

Citation styles

APA
Wang, L., Zhao, W., Zhao, Y., Li, W., Wang, G., Zhang, Q. (2023). Enzymatically-mineralized double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and stiffness. Theranostics, 13(2), 673-684. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.77417.

ACS
Wang, L.; Zhao, W.; Zhao, Y.; Li, W.; Wang, G.; Zhang, Q. Enzymatically-mineralized double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and stiffness. Theranostics 2023, 13 (2), 673-684. DOI: 10.7150/thno.77417.

NLM
Wang L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Li W, Wang G, Zhang Q. Enzymatically-mineralized double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and stiffness. Theranostics 2023; 13(2):673-684. doi:10.7150/thno.77417. https://www.thno.org/v13p0673.htm

CSE
Wang L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Li W, Wang G, Zhang Q. 2023. Enzymatically-mineralized double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and stiffness. Theranostics. 13(2):673-684.

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