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Theranostics 2022; 12(6):2963-2986. doi:10.7150/thno.71064 This issue Cite

Review

Emerging early diagnostic methods for acute kidney injury

Zuoxiu Xiao^1,2*, Qiong Huang^3,4*, Yuqi Yang^3,4, Min Liu^3,4, Qiaohui Chen^1,2, Jia Huang^1,2, Yuting Xiang^1,2, Xingyu Long^1,2, Tianjiao Zhao^1,2, Xiaoyuan Wang^1,2, Xiaoyu Zhu⁵, Shiqi Tu^1,2, Kelong Ai^1,2✉

1. Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078.
2. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
3. Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008.
4. National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008.
5. Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, and Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China.
*There authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding author: aikelongedu.cn (Prof. Kelong Ai)

Abstract

Many factors such as trauma and COVID-19 cause acute kidney injury (AKI). Late AKI have a very high incidence and mortality rate. Early diagnosis of AKI provides a critical therapeutic time window for AKI treatment to prevent progression to chronic renal failure. However, the current clinical detection based on creatinine and urine output isn't effective in diagnosing early AKI. In recent years, the early diagnosis of AKI has made great progress with the advancement of information technology, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. These emerging methods are mainly divided into two aspects: First, predicting AKI through models construct by machine learning; Second, early diagnosis of AKI through detection of newly-discovered early biomarkers. Currently, these methods have shown great potential and become an attractive tool for the early diagnosis of AKI. Therefore, it is very important to discuss and summarize these methods for the early diagnosis of AKI. In this review, we first systematically summarize the application of machine learning in AKI prediction algorithms and specific scenarios. In addition, we introduce the key role of early biomarkers in the progress of AKI, and then comprehensively summarize the application of emerging detection technologies for early AKI. Finally, we discuss current challenges and prospects of machine learning and biomarker detection. The review is expected to provide new insights for early diagnosis of AKI, and provided important inspiration for the design of early diagnosis of other major diseases.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury, Machine learning, Reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, miRNA-21, Early diagnosis.

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