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Theranostics 2022; 12(6):2833-2859. doi:10.7150/thno.70719 This issue Cite

Review

Emulating interactions between microorganisms and tumor microenvironment to develop cancer theranostics

Tongmeng Jiang1, Tao Yang1, Yingfan Chen1, Yao Miao1, Yajing Xu1, Honglin Jiang1, Mingying Yang2✉, Chuanbin Mao1,3✉

1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
2. Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
3. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA

✉ Corresponding authors: Mingying Yang (E-mail: yangmedu.cn) and Chuanbin Mao (E-mail: maophagecom or cbmaoedu).

Citation:
Jiang T, Yang T, Chen Y, Miao Y, Xu Y, Jiang H, Yang M, Mao C. Emulating interactions between microorganisms and tumor microenvironment to develop cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2022; 12(6):2833-2859. doi:10.7150/thno.70719. https://www.thno.org/v12p2833.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

The occurrence of microorganisms has been confirmed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of many different organs. Microorganisms (e.g., phage, virus, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) present in TME modulate TME to inhibit or promote tumor growth in species-dependent manners due to the special physiological and pathological features of each microorganism. Such microorganism-TME interactions have recently been emulated to turn microorganisms into powerful cancer theranostic agents. To facilitate scientists to explore microorganisms-TME interactions further to develop improved cancer theranostics, here we critically review the characteristics of different microorganisms that can be found in TME, their interactions with TME, and their current applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Clinical trials of using microorganisms for cancer theranostics are also summarized and discussed. Moreover, the emerging technology of whole-metagenome sequencing that can be employed to precisely determine microbiota spectra is described. Such technology enables scientists to gain an in-depth understanding of the species and distributions of microorganisms in TME. Therefore, scientists now have new tools to identify microorganisms (either naturally present in or introduced into TME) that can be used as effective probes, monitors, vaccines, or drugs for potentially advancing cancer theranostics to clinical applications.

Keywords: microorganisms, tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer theranostics, microbiota spectra

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APA
Jiang, T., Yang, T., Chen, Y., Miao, Y., Xu, Y., Jiang, H., Yang, M., Mao, C. (2022). Emulating interactions between microorganisms and tumor microenvironment to develop cancer theranostics. Theranostics, 12(6), 2833-2859. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.70719.

ACS
Jiang, T.; Yang, T.; Chen, Y.; Miao, Y.; Xu, Y.; Jiang, H.; Yang, M.; Mao, C. Emulating interactions between microorganisms and tumor microenvironment to develop cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2022, 12 (6), 2833-2859. DOI: 10.7150/thno.70719.

NLM
Jiang T, Yang T, Chen Y, Miao Y, Xu Y, Jiang H, Yang M, Mao C. Emulating interactions between microorganisms and tumor microenvironment to develop cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2022; 12(6):2833-2859. doi:10.7150/thno.70719. https://www.thno.org/v12p2833.htm

CSE
Jiang T, Yang T, Chen Y, Miao Y, Xu Y, Jiang H, Yang M, Mao C. 2022. Emulating interactions between microorganisms and tumor microenvironment to develop cancer theranostics. Theranostics. 12(6):2833-2859.

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