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Theranostics 2021; 11(6):2953-2965. doi:10.7150/thno.49874 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Exosome-based Ldlr gene therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia in a mouse model

Zhelong Li^1,2,#, Ping Zhao^1,#, Yajun Zhang^3,#, Jia Wang¹, Chen Wang^1,2, Yunnan Liu^1,2, Guodong Yang^2,✉, Lijun Yuan^1,✉

1. Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
2. The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
3. Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
# Equal Contribution.

✉ Corresponding authors: Lijun Yuan, Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO.569th, 710038, Xi'an, China, email: yuanljedu.cn; Tel: +862984777471, Fax: +862984777471. Guodong Yang, The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Changlexi Road NO.169th, 710032, Xi'an, email: yanggdedu.cn; Tel: +862984774516, Fax: +862984774516. More

Abstract

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), with high LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels, is due to inherited mutations in genes, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Development of therapeutic strategies for FH, which causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, is urgently needed.

Methods: Mice with low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) deletion (Ldlr^-/- mice) were used as an FH model. Ldlr mRNA was encapsulated into exosomes by forced expression of Ldlr in the donor AML12 (alpha mouse liver) cells, and the resultant exosomes were denoted as Exo^Ldlr. In vivo distribution of exosomes was analyzed by fluorescence labeling and imaging. The delivery efficiency of Ldlr mRNA was analyzed by qPCR and Western blotting. Therapeutic effects of Exo^Ldlr were examined in Ldlr^-/- mice by blood lipids and Oil Red O staining.

Results: The encapsulated mRNA was stable and could be translated into functional protein in the recipient cells. Following tail vein injection, exosomes were mainly delivered into the liver, producing abundant LDLR protein, resembling the endogenous expression profile in the wild-type mouse. Compared with control exosomes, Exo^Ldlr treatment significantly decreased lipid deposition in the liver and lowered the serum LDL-cholesterol level. Significantly, the number and size of atherosclerotic plaques and inflammation were reduced in the Exo^Ldlr-treated mice.

Conclusions: We have shown that exosome-mediated Ldlr mRNA delivery effectively restored receptor expression, treating the disorders in the Ldlr^-/- mouse. Our study provided a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of FH patients and managing atherosclerosis.

Keywords: familial hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, exosomes, low-density lipoprotein receptor, gene therapy

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