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Theranostics 2020; 10(13):5649-5670. doi:10.7150/thno.42569 This issue Cite

Review

Adaptive changes induced by noble-metal nanostructures in vitro and in vivo

Qianqian Huang^1,2,3, Jinchao Zhang⁴, Yuanyuan Zhang⁵, Peter Timashev⁶, Xiaowei Ma^1,2✉, Xing-Jie Liang^1,2,3✉

1. CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
4. Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
5. Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
6. Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia

✉ Corresponding authors: Xiaowei Ma: maxwcn; Xing-Jie Liang: liangxjcn

Abstract

The unique features of noble-metal nanostructures (NMNs) are leading to unprecedented expansion of research and exploration of their application in therapeutics, diagnostics and bioimaging fields. With the ever-growing applications of NMNs, both therapeutic and environmental NMNs are likely to be exposed to tissues and organs, requiring careful studies towards their biological effects in vitro and in vivo. Upon NMNs exposure, tissues and cells may undergo a series of adaptive changes both in morphology and function. At the cellular level, the accumulation of NMNs in various subcellular organelles including lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus may interfere with their functions, causing changes in a variety of cellular functions, such as digestion, protein synthesis and secretion, energy metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, and proliferation. In animals, retention of NMNs in metabolic-, respiratory-, immune-related, and other organs can trigger significant physiological and pathological changes to these organs and influence their functions. Exploring how NMNs interact with tissues and cells and the underlying mechanisms are of vital importance for their future applications. Here, we illustrate the characteristics of NMNs-induced adaptive changes both in vitro and in vivo. Potential strategies in the design of NMNs are also discussed to take advantage of beneficial adaptive changes and avoid unfavorable changes for the proper implementation of these nanoplatforms.

Keywords: noble-metal nanostructures (NMNs), applications, exposure, adaptive changes, in vitro and in vivo, proper implementation.

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