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Theranostics 2019; 9(16):4730-4739. doi:10.7150/thno.33841 This issue Cite

Research Paper

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT Radiomic Analysis with Machine Learning for Identifying Bone Marrow Involvement in the Patients with Suspected Relapsed Acute Leukemia

Hebei Li^1,2*, Chongrui Xu^3*, Bowen Xin³, Chaojie Zheng³, Yunyun Zhao¹, Keji Hao¹, Qian Wang¹, Richard L. Wahl², Xiuying Wang^3✉, Yun Zhou^2✉

1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
2. Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
3. School of Computer Science, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
*These authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Zhou, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 510 Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Tel: (314)2737792; Fax: (314)3628555; Email: yunzhouedu; Xiuying Wang, School of Computer Science, Building, J12, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Tel: +61 2 93513788; Email: xiu.wangedu.au. More

Abstract

¹⁸F-FDG PET / CT is used clinically for the detection of extramedullary lesions in patients with relapsed acute leukemia (AL). However, the visual analysis of ¹⁸F-FDG diffuse bone marrow uptake in detecting bone marrow involvement (BMI) in routine clinical practice is still challenging. This study aims to improve the diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in detecting BMI for patients with suspected relapsed AL.

Methods: Forty-one patients (35 in training group and 6 in independent validation group) with suspected relapsed AL were retrospectively included in this study. All patients underwent both bone marrow biopsy (BMB) and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT within one week. The BMB results were used as the gold standard or real “truth” for BMI. The bone marrow ¹⁸F-FDG uptake was visually diagnosed as positive and negative by three nuclear medicine physicians. The skeletal volumes of interest were manually drawn on PET/CT images. A total of 781 PET and 1045 CT radiomic features were automatically extracted to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the embedded pattern. To select the most important and predictive features, an unsupervised consensus clustering method was first performed to analyze the feature correlations and then used to guide a random forest supervised machine learning model for feature importance analysis. Cross-validation and independent validation were conducted to justify the performance of our model.

Results: The training group involved 16 BMB positive and 19 BMB negative patients. Based on the visual analysis of ¹⁸F-FDG PET, 3 patients had focal uptake, 8 patients had normal uptake, and 24 patients had diffuse uptake. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of visual analysis for BMI diagnosis were 62.5%, 73.7%, and 68.6%, respectively. With the cross-validation on the training group, the machine learning model correctly predicted 31 patients in BMI. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the machine learning model in BMI detection were 87.5%, 89.5%, and 88.6%, respectively, significantly higher than the ones in visual analysis (P < 0.05). The evaluation on the independent validation group showed that the machine learning model could achieve 83.3% accuracy.

Conclusions: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT radiomic analysis with machine learning model provided a quantitative, objective and efficient mechanism for identifying BMI in the patients with suspected relapsed AL. It is suggested in particular for the diagnosis of BMI in the patients with ¹⁸F-FDG diffuse uptake patterns.

Keywords: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, relapsed leukemia, bone marrow involvement, radiomics, machine learning

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