PDF

Theranostics 2016; 6(6):887-895. doi:10.7150/thno.14742 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Conformationally Strained trans-Cyclooctene (sTCO) Enables the Rapid Construction of ¹⁸F-PET Probes via Tetrazine Ligation

Mengzhe Wang¹, Dennis Svatunek^2,3, Katarina Rohlfing², Yu Liu², Hui Wang¹, Ben Giglio¹, Hong Yuan¹, Zhanghong Wu¹, Zibo Li¹ , Joseph Fox²

1. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States.
2. Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.
3. Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria.

✉ Corresponding authors: Zibo Li, PhD. Email: ziboliunc.edu Phone: 919-962-5152 Fox, PhD. Email: jmfoxedu Phone: 302-831-0191.

Abstract

The bioorthogonal reaction between tetrazines and trans-cyclooctenes is a method for the rapid construction of F-18 probes for PET imaging. Described here is a second generation ¹⁸F-labeling system based on a conformationally strained trans-cyclooctene (sTCO)—a dienophile that is approximately 2 orders of magnitude more reactive than conventional TCO dienophiles. Starting from a readily prepared tosylate precursor, an ¹⁸F labeled sTCO derivative (¹⁸F-sTCO) could be synthesized in 29.3 +/- 5.1% isolated yield and with high specific activity. Tetrazine ligation was carried out with a cyclic RGD-conjugate of a diphenyl-s-tetrazine analogue (RGD-Tz) chosen from a diene class with an excellent combination of fast reactivity and stability both for the diene as well as the Diels-Alder adduct. For both the tetrazine and the sTCO, mini-PEG spacers were included to enhance solubility and improve the in vivo distribution profile of the resulting probe. Extremely fast reactivity (up to 2.86 x 10⁵ M^-1s^-1 at 25 °C in water) has been observed in kinetic studies in the reaction of sTCO with diphenyl-s-tetrazine derivatives. A kinetic study on sTCO diastereomers in 55:45 MeOH:water showed that the syn-diastereomer displayed slightly faster reactivity than the anti-diastereomer. An ¹⁸F-sTCO conjugate with RGD-Tz demonstrated prominent and persistent tumor uptake in vivo with good tumor-to-background contrast. Unlike most radiolabeled RGD peptides, the tumor uptake of this PET agent increased from 5.3 +/- 0.2% ID/g at 1 h post injection (p.i.), to 8.9 +/- 0.5% ID/g at 4 h p.i., providing evidence for prolonged blood circulation. These findings suggest that tetrazine ligations employing ¹⁸F-sTCO should serve as a powerful and general platform for the rapid construction of peptide or protein derived PET agents.

Keywords: bioorthogonal reaction, strained trans-cyclooctene (sTCO), positron emission tomography (PET), ¹⁸F, RGD peptide.

Introduction

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive imaging modality with the capacity to track radiolabeled biomolecules in vivo. This imaging technique employs radionuclides that emit positrons that collide with electrons and result in two detectable γ-rays.[1, 2] Of the common radionuclides that are utilized in PET, F-18 is the most broadly utilized due to the high positron efficiency, high specific radioactivity and clinically attractive half-life (~110 min).[3] These properties can minimize the toxic effects and radiation exposure to the patient. However, the short half-life of F-18, the modest nucleophilicity of fluoride, and the low concentrations that are intrinsic to both biology and radiochemistry render it challenging to incorporate F-18 in complex biomolecules. The simple relationship between biomolecular rate constant and concentration shown in Table 1 illustrates the importance of fast rates to the field of F-18 labeling. Accordingly, there is a high demand for methods that efficiently introduce F-18 to biological macromolecules.

 Table 1 

Illustration of the practical importance of fast, bimolecular reactivity for radiolabeling at 1 μM. Radionuclides such as F-18 are prepared in small quantity and low concentration (typically ≤ 1 μM). Proteins and other biological macromolecules are typically utilized at micromolar concentrations. As both reactants are present in low concentration, fast reaction rates are essential to efficient coupling. The bioorthogonality and fast rate of the tetrazine-TCO ligation make it unusually well suited for radiolabeling applications.

The field of bioorthogonal chemistry is having a transformative influence on diverse fields including chemical biology, materials science, and nuclear medicine.[4-12] Since it was first introduced by us and others in 2008,[13-15] the tetrazine ligation has had a growing impact in biomedical research including radiolabeling, pretargeted imaging, in vivo reactions and other applications.[16-22] Our group has shown that the bioorthogonal reactions of tetrazines with trans-cyclooctene dienophiles proceed with exceptionally fast reaction rates (Figure 1).[23] The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation has become an important tool for biomolecular labeling because it is more rapid than other classes of bioorthogonal reactions.[24] Especially rapid reactivity has been observed for the conformationally strained dienophile, (1R,8S,E)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-en-9-ylmethanol (sTCO),[25] for which rate constants as fast as 3.3 x 10⁶ M^-1s^-1 have been measured (Figure 1c).[26] By comparison, strain driven reactions of azides with cyclooctynes typically proceed with rates constants < 1 M^-1s^-1.[24] Speed of labeling is a premium consideration for radiolabeling biological molecules, as both the radiolabel and the biomolecule are typically low in concentration. Recently, intracellular labeling of HaloTag fusion proteins has been used to compare the efficiency of bioorthogonal reactions involving tetrazine or azides with cyclopropenes, norbornenes, cycloalkenes and trans-cycloalkenes[10] In these studies, trans-cycloalkenes were identified as unique labeling reagents with sTCO-based reagents displaying the fastest reactivity. Moreover, while fluorescent reporters based on bicyclononyne (BCN) were prone to off-target labeling, TCO-based reporters were much more selective.[10] To date, radiolabeled analogs of sTCO have not yet been described.

 Figure 1 

The tetrazine ligation with trans-cyclooctenes serves as a rapid method for the assembly of biomolecular-probe constructs. (A) The first generation system for F-18 labeling proceeds with fast kinetics but the Diels-Alder conjugate displays poor metabolic stability. (B) Diels-Alder conjugate from 1 and diphenyl-s-tetrazine derivative 3 displays improved metabolic stability. (C) The conformationally strained sTCO is the most reactive dienophile described to date, with rate constants of up to 3.3. x 10⁶ M^-1s^-1 for room temperature conjugations in water.

In recent years several radiolabeled trans-cyclooctenes and s-tetrazines have been developed for applications in rapid radiolabeling. Previously we described an F-18 radiolabeling method that utilizes functionalized derivatives of di-2-pyridyl-s-tetrazine (2) and an ¹⁸F-labeled trans-cyclooctene (1) (Figure 1a).[23, 27-30] Analogs of these compounds have been shown to combine with rapid kinetics,[26] thereby enabling probe construction for cancer imaging and diabetes monitoring within seconds.[28, 30] More recently, we have explored the probe 3 derived from diphenyl-s-tetrazine, which is less rapid but gives Diels-Alder adducts with improved in vivo stability relative to the first generation system.[29] ¹⁸F-labeled trans-cyclooctene 1 has also been investigated for pretargeted PET imaging in the brain.[31]

To great effect, Robillard and coworkers have used the trans-cyclooctene/di-2-pyridyl-s-tetrazine system for pretargeted cancer imaging. In this case trans-cyclooctene was used as a tagging compound while a DOTA modified tetrazine moiety was used to attach either ¹¹¹In or ¹⁷⁷Lu radiolabels.[20, 21, 32-34] Weissleder and coworkers have shown that polymer modified tetrazines can be used for in vivo bioorthogonal labeling and PET imaging using ¹⁸F-labeled TCO 1.[17] Weissleder, Lewis and coworkers reported a pretargeting approach for PET imaging based on this method and demonstrated dramatically reduced non-targeted organ uptake.[22] Spivey and coworkers used a ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA modified 3-methyl-6-phenyl-s-tetrazine to construct probes from norbornene-labeled compounds.[35] In 2014, Devaraj and coworkers demonstrated that tetrazine modified, ⁶⁴Ga-chelating polymers could be employed in a proof-of-principle experiment for pretargeted PET imaging of trans-cyclooctene tagged antibodies targeting cancer cells.[36] Zeglis et al. used tetrazine bearing amino acids for ⁸⁹Zr labeling of peptides applying a trans-cyclooctene which was modified with deferrioxamine, a chelating agent for zirconium.[37]

While 1 was the only known ¹⁸F labeled trans-cyclooctene, there have been considerable efforts recently to produce ¹⁸F-labeled tetrazines. In 2014, Kuntner, Mikula and coworkers described a practical synthesis of an ¹⁸F-labeled s-tetrazine.[38] While this dialkyl-s-tetrazine showed lower reactivity than commonly used tetrazines, direct F-18 labeling was possible and the compound exhibit good pharmacokinetic properties as well as high in vivo stability.[38] More recently, an ¹⁸F-labeled 3-chloro-6-benzyloxy-s-tetrazine was described,[39] and Weissleder, Ploegh and coworkers introduced an ¹⁸F labeled tetrazine based on ¹⁸F-2-deoxyfluoroglucose, linked to a methyl-phenyl-s-tetrazine by oxime ligation, which enabled rapid radiolabeling of a trans-cyclooctene labeled peptide.[40] Ploegh, Liang and coworkers also introduced an ¹⁸F labeled SFB-tetrazine and successfully construct PET probes with trans-cyclooctene tagged antibody fragment.[41] Lewis and coworkers introduced another ¹⁸F-tetrazine in 2015, which was radiolabeled by an aluminum-[¹⁸F]fluoride-NOTA-complex and successfully applied in pretargeted PET imaging of pancreatic cancer xenografts using a trans-cyclooctene labeled antibody.[42] A dipyridyl-s-tetrazine labeled by ¹¹C was recently introduced by Herth and coworkers.[43]

While there has been a surge in recent activity directed toward the development of new ¹⁸F-labeled tetrazines, we recognized that the fastest reactivity would be borne out with conformationally strained sTCO derivatives. Accordingly, we sought to develop an ¹⁸F labeled trans-cyclooctene that would display superior kinetics in tetrazine ligation. Here, we describe ¹⁸F-sTCO—a new radiotracer based on the most reactive trans-cyclooctene dienophile. It is shown that ¹⁸F-sTCO rapidly combines with tetrazines and can be used to rapidly assemble probes for PET imaging. The kinetics in Diels-Alder reactions of the two diastereomers of sTCO were evaluated, and the more reactive syn-sTCO diastereomer was utilized for further study in PET probe construction. The tetrazine ligation with ¹⁸F-sTCO was used to synthesize a radiolabeled RGD peptide and in a mouse tumor model was demonstrated to have a high level of tumor uptake relative to that in liver, kidney, and muscles. After 4 h post injection, the tumor was the most prominent image in the PET scan with tumor uptake that was 1.6-2.4 fold higher than other major organs.

Materials and methods

All commercially available analytical grade chemical reagents were purchased from Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used without further purification. Analytical reversed-phase HPLC using a Gemini 5μ C18 column (250 x 4.6mm) was performed on a SPD-M30A photodiode array detector (Shimadzu) and model 105S single-channel radiation detector (Carroll & Ramsey Associates). Radio HPLC analyses were carried out at 1 mL/min with water/acetonitrile eluent mixtures. For other HPLC analyses, the solvents were modified with 0.1% TFA.

Chemistry

Synthetic protocols, characterization details, and copies of ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and ¹⁹F NMR spectra, the crude HPLC trace for ¹⁸F labeling, and the HPLC data for the PBS stability study can be found in the Supplementary Material.

Stopped-Flow Kinetic Analysis

The second order rate constant was measured under pseudo-first order conditions using an excess of the appropriate sTCO diastereomer (4 or 5), and by following the exponential decay of absorbance due to the tetrazine chromophore of 11 at 298 nm using an SX 18MV-R stopped-flow spectrophotometer (Applied Photophysics Ltd.). For each run, equal volumes of 45:55 water:methanol solutions of sTCO and PEGylated tetrazine 11 were mixed in the stopped flow device. Reactions were carried out with tetrazine 11 at 0.05 mM and final concentrations of 0.245, 0.49, 0.98 and 1.47 mM for the syn-diastereomer 5. Similarly, reactions were carried out with tetrazine 11 at 0.05 mM and final concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mM for the anti-diastereomer 4. A total of 400 data points were recorded over a period of 1 second, and each sample was performed in sextuplicate at 298 K. The kobs was determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the data points using Prism software (v. 6.00, GraphPad Software Inc.). The results are reported in the Supporting Information.

Radiochemistry

The radiolabeling reactions were carried out using the following protocol unless specified. sTCO-tosylate 8 (9.1 μmol) was dissolved in MeCN (30 μL) and then allowed to react with ¹⁸F-TBAF (200 mCi) at 85 °C for 10 min. The reaction was quenched by adding water (500 μL). The mixture was then passed through a Sep-Pak cartridge (Sep-Pak Plus light alumina) followed by HPLC purification. After HPLC purification, the fraction containing the desired product was diluted with 10 mL of water, trapped on C18 Sep-Pak, washed with 10 mL water, and eluted off with 0.5 mL EtOH. A portion of the solution containing ¹⁸F-9 was reserved for the in vitro stability test. Then a fraction of the solution (10 mCi, estimated to be 4.8 nmol) was mixed with a DMSO solution of tetrazine-RGD conjugate 12 (ranging from 0.07 μmol to 3.3 nmol). After shaking for 10 seconds at room temperature, a portion of the reaction mixture (3 mCi) was loaded onto HPLC for further analysis. The HPLC eluent containing ¹⁸F-15 was collected and organic solvent was removed using rotary evaporator. After carefully adjusting the pH to 7.5, ¹⁸F-15 was reconstituted in 1x PBS for the stability test and small animal studies.

 Figure 2 

(A) Synthesis of syn-sTCO 5, labeling precursor 8, cold standard ¹⁹F-9, and radiotracer ¹⁸F-9. (B) Synthesis of a cyclic RGD-diphenyl-s-tetrazine conjugate 12.

In Vitro Stability

¹⁸F-9 and ¹⁸F-15 was incubated in 1x PBS buffer at 37 °C. An aliquot of the solution (~25 μCi) was taken out and loaded on HPLC at 1 h and 2 h time point for analysis. ¹⁸F-9 was also incubated in FBS at 37 °C and after 1 h, an aliquot of the solution (~25 μCi) was taken out and added to an equal volume of TFA. Similarly,¹⁸F-15 was also incubated in FBS at 37 °C, and at 2 and 4 h time points, aliquots of the solution (~25 μCi) were taken and added to an equal volume of TFA. For each sample, the mixture was centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was then diluted with 1 mL water and loaded on C18 Sep-Pak. After washing with 1 mL water, the cartridge was eluted with 0.5 mL acetonitrile. The water fraction and acetonitrile fraction were combined and loaded on HPLC for analysis

Small Animal PET Imaging

Animal procedures were performed according to a protocol approved by the UNC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. PET scans and image analysis were performed using a small animal PET scanner as previously reported.[44] Human U87MG tumor-bearing mice were anesthetized using 2% isoflurane and injected with 3.7 MBq (100 μCi) of ¹⁸F-15 via the tail vein. At 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h post injection, static emission scans were acquired for 10 min. Normal nude mice were injected with 3.7 MBq (100 μCi) of ¹⁸F-sTCO-PEG-tetrazine (compound obtained by combining ¹⁸F-9 and 11) or ¹⁸F-9 using the same protocol. Raw PET images were reconstructed using 2D ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm. No background correction was performed. Regions of interest (ROI) were manually drawn over the tumor and other organs on the decay corrected coronal images. Based on the assumption that the tissue density is 1 g/mL, the ROIs were converted to % ID/g by dividing dose per gram at ROI by injected dose.

Statistical analysis

Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± SD. Means were compared using one-way ANOVA and Student's t test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results and Discussion

Chemistry

The anti-diastereomer of sTCO (4) was prepared as described previously, and the syn-diastereomer 5 was prepared as shown in Figure 2A. Thus, photoisomerization of 7 using our previously described flow reactor [14] gave syn-sTCO 5 in 81% yield. Our initial efforts to activate syn-sTCO 5 through reaction with NsCl or TsCl were unsuccessful, and lead only to skeletal rearrangement products. After experimentation, we developed a synthesis that directly provided a tosylate product through alkylation of the alcohol 5 with a bis-tosylate that contained a mini-PEG linker. Thus, combination of this alcohol with KH and triethylene glycol ditosylate gave the sTCO tosylate 8 in 28% yield. To create the HPLC standard, the treatment of 8 with TBAF in anhydrous THF gave the ¹⁹F-labeled derivative 9 in 76% yield. A diphenyl-s-tetrazine conjugate of a cyclic RGD was synthesized as shown Figure 2B. The nitrophenylcarbonate 10 was sequentially coupled with a “mini-PEG” amino acid to give 11. Subsequent coupling with NHS and conjugation with the cyclic peptide RGDyK gave 12 in high yield.

 Figure 3 

Rapid reactions of s-TCO derivatives with tetrazines. (A) Rate constants of anti-sTCO and tetrazine analogs in water. (B,C) Rate constants for the syn- and anti- diastereomers of sTCO were measured in mixed aqueous/organic media. (B) Kinetic data for the reaction of 5 (0.49 mM) and 11 (0.05 mM). The sTCO syn-diastereomer 5 is slightly more reactive than the anti-diastereomer 4.

Stopped flow kinetic analysis was used to measure the rate of the Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine derivative 11 and anti- and syn-diastereomers of sTCO (4 and 5, respectively). In a prior study with 13, a mini-PEG derivative of the sTCO anti-diastereomer, it was found that the water soluble diphenyl-s-tetrazine analog 14 and the di-2-pyridyl-s-tetrazine analog 16 react with rate constants of 2.86 x 10⁵ M^-1s^-1 and 3.3 x 10⁶ M^-1s^-1 (Figure 3a). The latter is the fastest rate constant that has been described for a bioorthogonal reaction. For the present study, we used stopped flow analysis to compare the relative rate of the syn- and anti-diastereomers of sTCO with tetrazine 11 in mixed organic/aqueous media (55:45 MeOH:water at 25 °C). As expected, the rates in MeOH:water were ~9 fold slower than the measurements made in purely aqueous media, but still extremely rapid. The rate constant for the syn-diastereomer 5 with tetrazine 11 was k₂ 3.7 x 10⁴ (+/- 0.1 x 10³) M^-1s^-1, and the anti-diastereomer 4 reacted with a rate constant k₂ 3.3 x 10⁴ (+/- 0.1 x 10³) M^-1s^-1. Because the syn-diastereomer was more reactive it was chosen for further development in PET probe construction.

Radiochemistry

¹⁸F-labeled sTCO (¹⁸F-9) was produced using the protocol described in Figure 2. By treating tosylate precursor 8 (182 mM) with ¹⁸F-TBAF in acetonitrile at 85 °C for 10 min, we were able to obtain the radiolabeled ¹⁸F-9 in 29.3 +/- 5.1% isolated radiochemical yield with 99% radiochemical purity after HPLC purification (Figure 2a, Figure 5a). Here, the reaction concentration was determined to be important, as running the reaction at 91 mM gave ¹⁸F-9 in only 9.3 +/- 2.4% isolated yield. The specific activity was determined to be 2.1 +/- 0.8 Ci/µmol. The product identity was confirmed by co-injection with an independently synthesized ¹⁹F-9 standard. Prior to reacting with targeting molecules, we first tested the in vitro stability of ¹⁸F-9. After incubation in 1X PBS, the radiopurity remained at 97.5% and 97.3% at 1 hour and 2 hour time points, respectively (Figure S3). This result demonstrated that ¹⁸F-9 is sufficiently stable to construct PET probes in aqueous solution. It was also observed that ¹⁸F-9 was stable in fetal bovine serum for 1 hour with retention of 74% radiochemical purity (Figure S10).

As depicted in Figure 4, the conjugation of ¹⁸F-9 with RGD-tetrazine 12 (700 µM) produced conjugate ¹⁸F-15 as a mixture of isomers. The starting material ¹⁸F-9 was completely consumed upon initial assay (<5 minutes). Reducing the concentration of 12 to 33 µM lead to an inversion in stoichiometry, and the complete consumption of 12 and the observation of unreacted ¹⁸F-9. This ability to achieve complete labeling when the ¹⁸F-labeled substrate is used in excess speaks to the high efficiency and rate of bioorthgonal reaction using ¹⁸F-9.

Under ambient reaction conditions, a 91% radiochemical yield of ¹⁸F-15 was obtained with 99% purity (Figure S4) after HPLC purification. The crude radio-HPLC trace is displayed in Figure 5B. The specific activity was determined to be 0.91 +/- 0.20 Ci/µmol. An analog reaction with ¹⁹F-9 produced the isomeric “cold” Diels-Alder conjugates ¹⁹F-15. LC-MS analysis confirmed that the both of the major peaks from the conjugation had mass spectra matching the theoretical for ¹⁹F-15 (Supporting Information). More rapidly eluting minor peaks also had correct mass data, and likely correspond to the aminal (hydrated) forms of the product.[25] The slowest eluting peak from the radio-HPLC trace of ¹⁸F-15 was collected and the in vitro stability was studied. It was observed that the adduct was stable in PBS buffer for 2 hours with retention of 98.5% radiochemical purity (Figure 5C). Conjugate ¹⁸F-15 was also found to be stable in fetal bovine serum with 96.7% and 94.5% purity at 2 and 4 hours post incubation respectively. (Figure S10)

 Figure 4 

Conjugation of ¹⁸F-9 with RGD-tetrazine 12 to produce conjugate ¹⁸F-15 as a mixture of isomers. Cold standards were independently prepared.

Due to the low concentration and short time scale that is intrinsic to ¹⁸F labeling of proteins, the fast kinetics and bioorthogonality of the tetrazine-TCO ligation provide a clear benefit over conventional radiolabeling methods. With our prior system, highly reactive tetrazines were required in order to obtain rapid reactivity at micromolar concentrations, but the resulting Diels-Alder conjugates had only moderate stability in vivo (Figure 1a).[30]The superior reactivity of ¹⁸F-sTCO allows rapid kinetics (>10⁴ M^-1s^-1) to be realized with more stable diphenyl-s-tetrazines, giving rise to Diels-Alder conjugates which are known to possess improved in vivo stability.[29] Moreover, the system described here leads to conjugates with improved blood circulation and higher levels of tumor uptake than observed using the previously described systems shown in Figure 1.

Small Animal PET imaging

The localization of ¹⁸F-15 in human U87MG tumor-bearing mice (n=5) was performed by static microPET scans at multiple time-point post tail vein injection. Selected decay-corrected coronal images at different time points are shown in Figure 6 after injection of 3.7 MBq (100 µCi) of ¹⁸F-15. High and persistent tumor accumulation was observed with good tumor to background contrast as early as 30 min post injection. The 2D maximum intensity projection for the images displayed in Figure 6 and S9. The quantitative biodistribution derived from small-animal PET images are shown in Figure 7. The inclusion of mini-PEG spacers resulted in a biodistribution profile that was significantly improved relative to previously constructed TCO/tetrazine-based probes that lack a PEG spacer, and the blood circulation of this new construct was improved significantly compared with previously described constructs. The tumor uptake was 5.3 +/- 0.2, 6.9 +/- 0.5, 7.5 +/- 0.8 and 8.9 +/- 0.5 % ID/g at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h post injection, respectively. At 4.0 h post injection, the tumor became the brightest spot in PET scan, with a tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-kidney ratio of 1.6 and 2.4, respectively. Given the improved blood circulation and high levels of tumor uptake for this small peptide-based probe, we anticipate that ¹⁸F-sTCO based probes should find broad utility for the labeling of larger peptides, proteins and other biomolecules.

 Figure 5 

Radio-HPLC analyses. (A) Purified ¹⁸F-9 after incubation in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C. (B) Combination of ¹⁸F-9 with 12 gives two major isomeric adducts ¹⁸F-15. (C) The slow eluting isomer of ¹⁸F-15 after purified by HPLC, incubation in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C, and reanalysis.

The specificity of ¹⁸F-15 was confirmed by a blocking experiment in which the radiotracer was co-injected with an excess amount of cRGDyK. The RGD peptide is a well-established targeting molecule,[45-49] and as can be seen in Figure 6B, in the presence of non-radio labeled cRGDyK (200 µg), the tracer uptake in tumor dropped to 4.8 +/- 0.3% at 1 h post injection. As expected the cRGDyK peptide, which should be readily cleared than a PEGylated peptide, did not completely block the signal due to ¹⁹F-15. However, the signal in the presence of blocking cRGDyK was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that observed without a blocking agent.

We also performed microPET imaging with a normal (non-tumor bearing) nude mouse that had been injected with ¹⁸F-9. The imaging data indicated that the compound was rapidly cleared by the gallbladder, kidney and liver within 2 hours (Figure S8). We also analyzed the clearance of the compound obtained by combining ¹⁸F-9 with 11. This Diels-Alder conjugate— an analog of ¹⁸F-15 that lacks the RGD moiety— still remained in the blood circulatory system after 4 hours (Figure S7). The blood uptake was 2.4% ID/g at 4 h post injection. Previously, we have described ¹⁸F-labeled RGD probes derived from trans-cyclooctene 1 (Figure 1). These probes which lack PEGylation are cleared much more rapidly.[29, 30] These results suggested that the entire PEGylated Diels-Alder moiety plays a role in enhancing the circulation time of the probe. Future experiments will aim to determine the respective contributions of the Diels-Alder conjugate and the PEG chains as factors in increasing the circulation lifetime. We believe that the rapid clearance of ¹⁹F-9 and the long circulation lifetime of its PEGylated Diels-Alder conjugates may prove advantageous for future applications in pretargeted imaging, and we are currently pursuing these applications.

 Figure 6 

(A) Small animal PET images of mice bearing U87 xenograft, injected with ¹⁸F-15 and imaged 0.5 h, 1.0 h, 2.0 h and 4.0 h post injection, respectively. (B) A 'blocking' experiment in which cyclic RGDyK peptide (200 µg) was injected prior to the injection of ¹⁸F-15, with imaging at 1.0 h post injection. (C) Two-dimensional maximum intensity projection at 4.0 h post injection of ¹⁸F-15.

 Figure 7 

Tumor and major organ radioactivity accumulation quantification from a static scan at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h post injection of ¹⁸F-15 into U87MG tumor model. Data are expressed as average +/- SD.

Conclusions

A conformationally strained trans-cyclooctene, ¹⁸F-sTCO (9), was prepared via a one-step fluorination. This new PET-tracer is based on the conformationally strained trans-cyclooctene (sTCO)—a dienophile that is approximately 2 orders of magnitude more reactive than conventional TCO dienophiles. In a model system, the rate constants for sTCO-diastereomers were compared, and the syn-diastereomer was found to be slightly more reactive and therefore was chosen for further development. The effectiveness of 9 for the construction of radiolabeled probes was demonstrated with the production of a cyclic RGD based probe 15. Mini-PEG groups were included in the design of 15 to improve both the water solubility and the pharmacokinetic properties of the probe. In tumor-bearing mice, ¹⁸F-15 demonstrated a significantly improved blood half-life compared with monomeric RGD peptide analogs. As a result, increased tumor uptake of ¹⁸F-15 was observed at a late time point. Given the exceptional kinetics of ¹⁸F-9 and the improved tumor uptake and accumulation of the derived probe ¹⁸F-15, we expect that this labeling system will be broadly applicable for attachment of F-18 to a host of applications in probe construction, pretargeted imaging, and treatment applications.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary figures and information.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIBIB (5R01EB014354-03), P30-CA016086-35-37 from the National Cancer Institute, and UNC Radiology Department and BRIC. Spectra were obtained with instrumentation supported by NIH grants P20GM104316, P30GM110758, S10RR026962, S10OD016267 and NSF grants CHE-0840401, CHE-1229234. D.S. is grateful to the Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation for a fellowship and the MEIBio doctoral program of TU Wien for financial support.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Sorensen J. How Does the Patient Benefit from Clinical PET? Theranostics. 2012;2:427-36

2. Schlyer DJ. PET tracers and radiochemistry. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2004;33:146-54

3. Li Z, Conti PS. Radiopharmaceutical chemistry for positron emission tomography. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:1031-51

4. Patterson DM, Prescher JA. Orthogonal bioorthogonal chemistries. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2015;28:141-9

5. King M, Wagner A. Developments in the field of bioorthogonal bond forming reactions-past and present trends. Bioconjug Chem. 2014;25:825-39

6. McKay CS, Finn MG. Click chemistry in complex mixtures: bioorthogonal bioconjugation. Chem Biol. 2014;21:1075-101

7. Patterson DM, Nazarova LA, Prescher JA. Finding the right (bioorthogonal) chemistry. ACS Chem Biol. 2014;9:592-605

8. Kang SW, Lee S, Na JH, Yoon HI, Lee DE, Koo H. et al. Cell labeling and tracking method without distorted signals by phagocytosis of macrophages. Theranostics. 2014;4:420-31

9. Fox JM, Robillard MS. Editorial overview: In vivo chemistry: Pushing the envelope. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2014;21:v-vii

10. Murrey HE, Judkins JC, Am Ende CW, Ballard TE, Fang Y, Riccardi K. et al. Systematic Evaluation of Bioorthogonal Reactions in Live Cells with Clickable HaloTag Ligands: Implications for Intracellular Imaging. J Am Chem Soc. 2015;137:11461-75

11. Zhang H, Dicker KT, Xu X, Jia X, Fox JM. Interfacial Bioorthogonal Cross-Linking. ACS Macro Lett. 2014;3:727-31

12. Liu S, Zhang H, Remy RA, Deng F, Mackay ME, Fox JM. et al. Meter-long multiblock copolymer microfibers via interfacial bioorthogonal polymerization. Adv Mater. 2015;27:2783-90

13. Blackman ML, Royzen M, Fox JM. The Tetrazine Ligation: Fast Bioconjugation based on Inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130:13518-9

14. Royzen M, Yap GPA, Fox JM. A Photochemical Synthesis of Functionalized trans-Cyclooctenes Driven by Metal Complexation. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130:3760-1

15. Selvaraj R, Fox JM. trans-Cyclooctene—a stable, voracious dienophile for bioorthogonal labeling. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2013;17:753-60

16. Carroll L, Evans HL, Aboagye EO, Spivey AC. Bioorthogonal chemistry for pre-targeted molecular imaging - progress and prospects. Org Biomol Chem. 2013;11:5772-81

17. Devaraj NK, Thurber GM, Keliher EJ, Marinelli B, Weissleder R. Reactive polymer enables efficient in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:4762-7

18. Devaraj NK, Upadhyay R, Haun JB, Hilderbrand SA, Weissleder R. Fast and Sensitive Pretargeted Labeling of Cancer Cells via Tetrazine/Trans-Cyclooctene Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48:7013-6

19. Reiner T, Zeglis BM. The inverse electron demand Diels-Alder click reaction in radiochemistry. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2014;57:285-90

20. Rossin R, Läppchen T, van den Bosch SM, Laforest R, Robillard MS. Diels-Alder Reaction for Tumor Pretargeting: In Vivo Chemistry Can Boost Tumor Radiation Dose Compared with Directly Labeled Antibody. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:1989-95

21. Rossin R, Renart Verkerk P, van den Bosch SM, Vulders RCM, Verel I, Lub J. et al. In Vivo Chemistry for Pretargeted Tumor Imaging in Live Mice. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010;49:3375-8

22. Zeglis BM, Sevak KK, Reiner T, Mohindra P, Carlin SD, Zanzonico P. et al. A Pretargeted PET Imaging Strategy Based on Bioorthogonal Diels-Alder Click Chemistry. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:1389-96

23. Wu Z, Liu S, Hassink M, Nair I, Park R, Li L. et al. Development and Evaluation of ¹⁸F-TTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4: A PET Probe for Imaging Transplanted Islets. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:244-51

24. Lang K, Chin JW. Bioorthogonal Reactions for Labeling Proteins. ACS Chemical Biology. 2014;9:16-20

25. Taylor MT, Blackman ML, Dmitrenko O, Fox JM. Design and synthesis of highly reactive dienophiles for the tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:9646-9

26. Darko A, Wallace S, Dmitrenko O, Machovina MM, Mehl RA, Chin JW. et al. Conformationally Strained -Cyclooctene with Improved Stability and Excellent Reactivity in Tetrazine Ligation. Chem Sci. 2014;5:3770-6

27. Li Z, Cai H, Hassink M, Blackman ML, Brown RCD, Conti PS. et al. Tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation for the rapid construction of ¹⁸F labeled probes. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010;46:8043-5

28. Liu S, Hassink M, Selvaraj R, Yap L-P, Park R, Wang H. et al. Efficient ¹⁸F labeling of cysteine containing peptides and proteins using the tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation. Molecular imaging. 2013;12:121-8

29. Selvaraj R, Giglio BC, Liu S, Wang H, Wang M, Yuan H. et al. Improved Metabolic Stability for ¹⁸F PET Probes Rapidly Constructed via Tetrazine trans-Cyclooctene Ligation. Bioconjug Chem. 2015;26:435-42

30. Selvaraj R, Liu S, Hassink M, Huang C-w, Yap L-p, Park R. et al. Tetrazine-tans-cyclooctene ligation for the rapid construction of integrin α_vβ₃ targeted PET tracer based on a cyclic RGD peptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011;21:5011-4

31. Wyffels L, Thomae D, Waldron AM, Fissers J, Dedeurwaerdere S, Van der Veken P. et al. In vivo evaluation of ¹⁸F-labeled TCO for pre-targeted PET imaging in the brain. Nucl Med Biol. 2014;41:513-23

32. Rossin R, van den Bosch SM, Ten Hoeve W, Carvelli M, Versteegen RM, Lub J. et al. Highly reactive trans-cyclooctene tags with improved stability for Diels-Alder chemistry in living systems. Bioconjug Chem. 2013;24:1210-7

33. Rossin R, van Duijnhoven SM, Lappchen T, van den Bosch SM, Robillard MS. Trans-cyclooctene tag with improved properties for tumor pretargeting with the diels-alder reaction. Mol Pharm. 2014;11:3090-6

34. van Duijnhoven SM, Rossin R, van den Bosch SM, Wheatcroft MP, Hudson PJ, Robillard MS. Diabody Pretargeting with Click Chemistry In Vivo. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1422-8

35. Evans HL, Carroll L, Aboagye EO, Spivey AC. Bioorthogonal chemistry for ⁶⁸Ga radiolabelling of DOTA-containing compounds. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. 2014;57:291-7

36. Nichols B, Qin Z, Yang J, Vera DR, Devaraj NK. ⁶⁸Ga chelating bioorthogonal tetrazine polymers for the multistep labeling of cancer biomarkers. Chem Commun (Camb). 2014;50:5215-7

37. Zeglis BM, Emmetiere F, Pillarsetty N, Weissleder R, Lewis JS, Reiner T. Building Blocks for the Construction of Bioorthogonally Reactive Peptides via Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. ChemistryOpen. 2014;3:48-53

38. Denk C, Svatunek D, Filip T, Wanek T, Lumpi D, Frohlich J. et al. Development of a ¹⁸F-labeled tetrazine with favorable pharmacokinetics for bioorthogonal PET imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2014;53:9655-9

39. Zhu J, Li S, Wangler C, Wangler B, Lennox RB, Schirrmacher R. Synthesis of 3-chloro-6-((4-(di-tert-butyl[¹⁸F]fluorosilyl)-benzyl)oxy)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine ([¹⁸F]SiFA-OTz) for rapid tetrazine-based ¹⁸F-radiolabeling. Chem Commun (Camb). 2015;51:12415-8

40. Rashidian M, Keliher EJ, Dougan M, Juras PK, Cavallari M, Wojtkiewicz GR. et al. Use of ¹⁸F-2-Fluorodeoxyglucose to Label Antibody Fragments for Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography of Pancreatic Cancer. ACS Central Science. 2015;1:142-7

41. Rashidian M, Wang L, Eden JG, Jacobsen JT, Hossain I, Wang Q. et al. Enzyme-Mediated Modification of Single-Domain Antibodies for Imaging Modalities with Different Characteristics. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2015:02142

42. Meyer JP, Houghton JL, Kozlowski P, Abdel-Atti D, Reiner T, Pillarsetty NV. et al. F-Based Pretargeted PET Imaging Based on Bioorthogonal Diels-Alder Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem. 2015

43. Herth MM, Andersen VL, Lehel S, Madsen J, Knudsen GM, Kristensen JL. Development of a ¹¹C-labeled tetrazine for rapid tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation. Chem Commun (Camb). 2013;49:3805-7

44. Deng H, Wang H, Wang M, Li Z, Wu Z. Synthesis and Evaluation of ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-NT-Cy5.5 as a Dual-Modality PET/Fluorescence Probe to Image Neurotensin Receptor-Positive Tumor. Mol Pharm. 2015;12:3054-61

45. Lang L LW, Jia HM, Fanng DC, Zhang S, Sun X, Zhu L, Ma Y, Shen B, Kiesewetter DO, Niu G, Chen X. New Methods for Labeling RGD Peptides With Bormine-76. Theranostics. 2011;1:341-53

46. Chen X, Park R, Shahinian AH, Tohme M, Khankaldyyan V, Bozorgzadeh MH. et al. 18F-labeled RGD peptide: Initial evaluation for imaging brain tumor angiogenesis. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2004;31:179-89

47. Chen H, Niu G, Wu H, Chen X. Clinical Application of Radiolabeled RGD Peptides for PET Imaging of Integrin αvβ3. Theranostics. 2016;6:78-92

48. Zhang Y, Yang Y, Cai W. Multimodality Imaging of Integrin α(v)β(3) Expression. Theranostics. 2011;1:135-48

49. Ye Y, Chen X. Integrin targeting for tumor optical imaging. Theranostics. 2011;1:102-26

Author contact

Corresponding authors: Zibo Li, PhD. Email: ziboliunc.edu Phone: 919-962-5152 Fox, PhD. Email: jmfoxedu Phone: 302-831-0191.

Received 2015-12-17
Accepted 2016-3-10
Published 2016-4-12

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use